The technical arsenal

The jab is the most-thrown punch in kickboxing and the least appreciated, because most of its work is invisible. It measures distance, interrupts entries, hides the shots behind it and — critically in a sport with leg kicks — establishes the head as a threat so the opponent's guard stays up and their weight stays back. A kickboxer with no jab is a kickboxer whose low kicks arrive alone and get checked.

Banned in: 1

The cross is the rear-hand straight, and in kickboxing it is the punch that most often ends a fight without a kick being involved. It travels from the rear guard along the shortest line to the chin, driven by the rear foot pivoting, the hip rotating and the shoulder following — a kinetic chain that starts at the floor and arrives at the fist.

Banned in: 1

The lead hook comes around the side of the guard on a horizontal arc, and it is the punch that most reliably finds a fighter who is defending straight lines. In kickboxing it carries an additional role: it is the standard partner of the head kick. Both arrive from the same side on a curved path, and a guard adjusted for one is out of position for the other. Alex Pereira's left hook and left head kick are the modern textbook case — the hook establishes the reflex, the kick arrives above it.

Banned in: 1

The liver shot is a hook or uppercut landed under the right side of the ribcage, into the soft tissue below the floating ribs where the liver sits. It is one of very few strikes legal under every ruleset including Kyokushin knockdown, because it does not touch the head, and it is the reason body punching survives in codes that otherwise look nothing alike.

The overhand is the rear hand thrown over the top of the opponent's guard on a looping downward arc, arriving where a straight cross cannot reach. It exists because guards are built to stop straight lines, and a punch that travels over the lead hand rather than through it bypasses the whole structure.

Banned in: 1

The spinning backfist turns the body away from the opponent and brings the back of the fist around on a horizontal arc, arriving from a direction the guard is not built to cover. It is legal in every ruleset that permits head punches, and it is one of the few techniques that reliably scores against a disciplined, high-guard opponent — because the guard is designed to stop what comes from the front.

Banned in: 1

The low kick is the single most consequential technique in kickboxing, and the one that most sharply divides the rulesets. Thrown as a roundhouse into the outside of the opponent's lead thigh, it lands with the shin across the peroneal nerve and the muscle belly of the vastus lateralis. Executed correctly it is not a stinging blow but a dead, heavy impact that accumulates: the first one is uncomfortable, the fifth changes how the opponent stands, and by the tenth the leg no longer takes weight. Fights are lost to low kicks slowly, and then all at once.

Banned in: 4

The calf kick attacks below the knee, landing the shin across the outside of the opponent's calf on the peroneal nerve where it runs close to the surface. It is a newer weapon in mainstream use than the thigh kick, popularised heavily in the 2010s, and it works for a specific structural reason: the calf cannot be checked the way the thigh can. Lifting the knee to check exposes the calf; keeping the foot planted exposes it too. There is no clean defensive shape that protects both targets at once.

Banned in: 4

The body roundhouse — the middle kick — is the most universally legal power technique in kickboxing. Every one of the sixteen rulesets permits it, which makes it the common language of the sport: a Kyokushin fighter, a savateur and a Dutch pro will throw recognisably the same weapon at recognisably the same target, even if they land it with shin, boot and shin respectively.

The high kick is legal everywhere and lands almost nowhere — which is precisely what makes it valuable. Against a competent opponent the raw technique has a low success rate, because a kick travelling that far on that visible an arc gives the target time to cover. What changes the arithmetic is the setup, and the whole art of high kicking is the art of making the head available before the leg leaves the floor.

The push kick is the range-management tool of kickboxing, and the closest thing the legs have to a jab. Thrown by chambering the knee and thrusting the ball or flat of the foot into the opponent's midsection, hip or thigh, it does two jobs at once: it stops forward movement and it buys the space to reset. Fighters who cannot teep effectively spend their fights being walked backwards.

The straight knee drives the point of the knee upward into the body, most often the solar plexus, floating ribs or the inside of the thigh. It is the shortest-range power technique legal in kickboxing, and its availability is one of the cleanest dividing lines between the codes: legal under K-1, GLORY, ONE, Dutch and WAKO K-1 rules, illegal under every American full-contact and low-kick variant, illegal in savate, and restricted to the body under Sanda and Kyokushin.

Banned in: 7

The flying knee launches both feet off the floor and drives the knee into the head or upper body. It is a genuinely high-risk technique with a genuinely high reward: it carries the fighter's entire bodyweight into a small, hard striking surface, and it arrives at head height from an opponent who was watching the hands.

Banned in: 8

The single collar tie grips behind the opponent's neck with one hand while the other controls a bicep or frames on the shoulder. In Muay Thai it is the entry to an extended clinch battle. In kickboxing it is a two-second opportunity, and understanding that difference is most of what a Muay Thai fighter has to relearn when moving to K-1 or GLORY rules.

Banned in: 8

Checking turns the shin outward and lifts the knee so an incoming low kick lands bone against bone rather than bone against muscle. It is the only defence that actively punishes the attacker: a properly checked kick hurts the person who threw it more than the person who received it, and a fighter who checks consistently makes the low kick an unprofitable trade.

Catching a body kick and sweeping the standing leg turns the opponent's own committed technique into a fall. The catch itself is a scoop: the arm on the side the kick arrives goes under the shin, the elbow tucks, and the leg is trapped against the ribs. From there the sweep takes the supporting leg out with a step-through or a kick to the ankle while pulling the trapped leg across.

Banned in: 6

The long guard extends the lead arm toward the opponent's face with the elbow slightly bent and the palm turned in, creating a physical frame between the two fighters. It is a defensive structure rather than a strike, and its job is to occupy the space an opponent needs in order to close.

The jab-cross-low kick is the first combination taught in every Dutch gym and the single most-thrown sequence in international kickboxing. Its logic is mechanical rather than stylistic: the cross rotates the body into exactly the position from which the rear low kick launches, so the kick costs nothing extra to add. The hands and the leg share a platform.

Banned in: 4

Hook, cross, hook, low kick is the Dutch combination in its developed form, and it does something the 1-2-low kick does not: it attacks laterally before attacking downward. The three punches move the opponent's guard side to side rather than simply up, which produces a different and more complete kind of disorganisation.

Banned in: 4